Political Broker Giving Money and Intimidating in Regional Head Elections in Indonesia
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Dec 31, 2022
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Abstract
The election of regional heads is actually a place to take choices directly by the people or voters in the regions. But in fact, the choice of voters is much influenced, even manipulated by political brokers. This study was conducted to reveal the models of political brokers and their operating patterns in regional head elections in Indonesia. Political brokers have hijacked direct democracy in local elections. The regional head should have a direct contract with the voters, related to the work program at the time of contestation and accountability at the time of election. But the process was hijacked midway by political brokers. Political brokers have long operated in the process in Indonesia, both general elections, presidential elections, village head elections, and regional head elections. This research used descriptive qualitative method. Data was collected through in-depth interviews with informants who were directly involved in the regional head election. From the research conducted, it is found that political brokers in regional head elections in Indonesia are village heads, and community leaders. Political brokers perform their role in two ways. First, by giving money to the head of the electorate. The money comes from regional head candidates who are given by the winning team for regional head candidates for political brokers. The money given by regional head candidates to political brokers consists of money for own political broker and operational money, as well as money to be distributed to voters. Second, political brokers also act to intimidate, threaten and frighten potential voters, if they do not vote for candidates who are supported by political brokers.
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Hidayaturrahman, M., sudarman, sudarman, Hamhij, N., Sugiantiningsih, A., Ubaid, A., & Elazhari, E. (2022). Political Broker Giving Money and Intimidating in Regional Head Elections in Indonesia. Jurnal Studi Sosial Dan Politik, 6(2), 177-190. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.19109/jssp.v6i2.10102
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Anderson, I. (2021). The Influence of Political Awareness, Political Socialization, and Mass Media on Political Participation in Jambi Province. Jurnal Studi Sosial Dan Politik, 5(2), 203–216. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.19109/jssp.v5i2.8742
Apriani, R., & Maharani. (2019). Strategi Pemenangan Pasangan Calon Herman Deru Dan Mawardi Yahya Pada Pilkada Sumatera Selatan Tahun 2018. Jurnal Studi Sosial Dan Politik, 3(1), 17–27. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.19109/jssp.v3i1.4065
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Aspinall, E. (2014). When brokers betray: Clientelism, social networks, and electoral politics in Indonesia. Critical Asian Studies, 46(4), 545–570. https://doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2014.960706
Averus, A., & Alfina, D. (2020). Partisipasi Politik Dalam Pemilihan Kepala Desa. Jurnal MODERAT, 6(3), 585–610. https://jurnal.unigal.ac.id/index.php/moderat
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Boni, S. (2020). Reconciling the State and Diffused Autonomy? Political Brokers in Venezuelan Poder popular. Latin American Perspectives, 47(4), 170–189. https://doi.org/10.1177/0094582X20924366
Bowles, J., Larreguy, H., & Liu, S. (2020). How Weakly Institutionalized Parties Monitor Brokers in Developing Democracies: Evidence from Postconflict Liberia. American Journal of Political Science, 64(4), 952–967. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12515
Camp, E. (2017). Cultivating Effective Brokers: A Party Leader’s Dilemma. British Journal of Political Science, 47(3), 521–543. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123415000411
Chalid, A. (2017). Politik patronase di kecamatan bontoa kabupaten maros. The Politics, 3(1), 45–56.
Chandra, A., Darmawan, E., & Yesi. (2018). Upaya Komisi Pemilihan Umum Provinsi Sumatera Selatan dalam Meningkatkan Partisipasi Pemilih pada Pilkada Serentak 2018 dan Pemilu Serentak 2019. Jurnal Studi Sosial Dan Politik, 2(1), 12–30. https://doi.org/10.19109/jssp.v2i1.4061
Christopoulos, D., & Ingold, K. (2011). Distinguishing between political brokerage & political entrepreneurship. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 10, 36–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.01.006
Cristopoulos; Ingold. (2015). Exceptional or just well connected ? Political entrepreneurs and brokers in policy making. European Political Science Review, 7(3), 475–498. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755773914000277
Faridl, M. (2005). Perilaku Sosial Politik Kiai Di Tengah Masyarakat Transisi Kasus Di Wilayah Cirebon Dan Bandung. Mimbar, 21(2).
Faridl, M. (2007). Peran Sosial Politik Kyai di Indonesia. Sosioteknologi, 11(6).
Fitriasari, P. D. (2010). Peran kepala desa dalam memajukan kesenian tradisional studi kasus desa banyusidi pakis magelang. Asintya Jurnal Penelitian Seni Dan Budaya, 2(1).
Hamid, A. (2010). Memetakan Aktor Politik Lokal Banten Pasca Orde Baru: Studi Kasus Kiai Dan Jawara Di Banten. Politika: Jurnal Ilmu Politik, 1(2).
Hamudy, M. I. A., & Rais, A. I. M. (2014). Broker Politik dan Mafia Anggaran dalam Parlemen di Indonesia. Bima Praja, 6(3), 213–220. https://jurnal.kemendagri.go.id
Haridison, A. (2022). Digital democracy and brokerage dynamics in regional head elections in Indonesia. Jurnal Masyarakat, Kebudayaan Dan Politik, 35(4), 433–449. https://doi.org/10.20473/mkp.V35I42022.451-467
Harnom, F., Syahrizal, S., & Valentina, T. R. (2019). Pendidikan Politik Bagi Pemilih Milenial Dalam Memahami Bahaya Vote Broker Oleh Kpu. NUSANTARA : Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial, 6(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.31604/jips.v6i1.2019.1-10
Hartati, A., Nafisa, A. Y., & Hidayanti, T. T. (2019). Botoh dalam Pilkada: Studi Pola Kerja dan Transformasi Botoh dalam Pilkada Kudus 2018. Jurnal PolGov, 1(1), 121. https://doi.org/10.22146/polgov.v1i1.48301
Jati, W. R. (2021). From Rational to Irrational Behaviour : The Shift in Indonesian Voting Behaviour After Reformasi Era. Jurnal Politica, 12(2), 161–173. https://doi.org/10.22212/jp.v12i1.2319
Kimble, C., Grenier, C., & Goglio-primard, K. (2010). International Journal of Information Management Innovation and knowledge sharing across professional boundaries : Political interplay between boundary objects and brokers. International Journal of Information Management, 30(5), 437–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2010.02.002
Knierzinger, J. (2011). Chieftaincy and Development in Ghana: From Political Intermediaries to Neotraditional Development Brokers. In Arbeitspapiere des Instituts für Ethnologie und Afrikastudien der Johannes Gutenberg- Universität Mainz (Issue 124). http://www.ifeas.uni-mainz.de
Koara, D. R. (2021). Peran Reje Kampung Sebagai Broker Politik Pada Pemilu 2019 di Aceh Tengah (Studi Kasus Reje Kampung Desa Burni Bius Kecamatan Silih Nara). Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa, 6(3), 1–14. http://www.jim.unsyiah.ac.id/FISIP/article/view/18548%0Ahttp://www.jim.unsyiah.ac.id/FISIP/article/download/18548/8441
Komito, L. (2011). Brokerage. In Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/institutionalization
Kurjunaidi. (2019). Peran Kepala Desa sebagai Opinion Leader. Administraus-Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi Dan Manajemen, 3(1), 1–20. https://ejournal.stiabinabanuabjm.ac.id/index.php/administraus/article/view/66
Larreguy; Marshall; Querub´i. (2016). Parties, Brokers, and Voter Mobilization: How Turnout Buying Depends Upon the Party’s Capacity to Monitor Brokers. American Political Science Review, 110(1), 160–179. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055415000593
Larreguy, H., Olea, C. E. M., & Querubin, P. (2017). Political Brokers: Partisans or Agents? Evidence from the Mexican Teachers’ Union. American Journal of Political Science, 00(00), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12322
Lestariono, W., & Hendro, H. (2020). Peran Kepala Desa Sebagai Opinion Leader Di Desa Bukit Harapan. Jurnal Sociopolitico, 2, 1–8. https://jurnal.fisipolupgriplk.ac.id/index.php/JSP/article/view/20
Lindquist, J., Xiang, B., & Yeoh, B. S. A. (2012). Opening the Black Box of Migration: Brokers, the Organization of Transnational Mobility and the Changing Political Economy in Asia. Pasific Affairs, 85(1), 7–19.
Lubis, A., Nasution, M. A., & Kusmanto, H. (2019). Peran Kepala Desa dalam Pemilihan Kepala Daerah Kabupaten Deli Serdang Tahun 2018. JPPUMA Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan Dan Sosial Politik Universitas Medan Area, 7(2), 196. https://doi.org/10.31289/jppuma.v7i2.3008
Merriam-Webster. (2022). Power broker. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/power broker
Meyer, M. (2010). The rise of the knowledge broker. Science Communication, 32(1), 118–127. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547009359797
Novaes, L. M. (2017). Disloyal Brokers and Weak Parties. American Journal of Political Science, 00(0), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12331
Panke, D. (2011). Small states in EU negotiations: Political dwarfs or power-brokers? Cooperation and Conflict, 46(2), 123–143. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836711406346
Pratitaswari, A., & Wardani, S. B. E. (2020). Fenomena Broker Politik dalam Penyelenggara Pemilu. Nakhoda: Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan, 19(2), 217–228. https://doi.org/10.35967/njip.v19i2.106
Rizzo, T. (2015). Motivated Brokers. In MIT Political Science Department Research Paper (Vol. 16). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2619843
Schneider, M. (2016). Do Brokers Know Their Voters? A Test of Guessability in India. The Journal of Politics, Forthcoming, 1–36. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3007407
Septiana, A. (2019). Analisis Fungsi Partai Politik Pada Pilkada Musi Banyuasin 2017 (Studi Terhadap Partai Politik Pengusung Pasangan Dodi Reza Dan Beni Hernedi). Jurnal Studi Sosial Dan Politik, 3(1), 28–41. https://doi.org/10.19109/jssp.v3i1.4066
Setiawan, M. A., Hasmawati, F., & Bukhori, K. (2020). South Sumatra KPU Communication Strategy to Increase Voter Participation Rate in the 2019 Election. Jurnal Studi Sosial Dan Politik, 4(2), 147–160. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.19109/jssp.v4i2.6248
Sorkin, A. R., Karaian, J., Merced, M. de la, Hirsch, L., & Livni, E. (2021). Vernon Jordan Is Remembered as a Power Broker. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/03/business/dealbook/vernon-jordan-dead.html
Sutisna, A. (2017). Gejala Proliferasi Dinasti Politik di Banten Era Kepemimpinan Gubernur Ratu Atut Chosiyah. Politik Indonesia: Indonesian Political Science Review, 2(2), 100. https://doi.org/10.15294/jpi.v2i2.9329
Syarif, Z. (2016). Pergeseran Perilaku Politik Kiai Dan Santri Di Pamekasan Madura. Al-Tahrif: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam, 16(2), 132–139.
Themner, A. (2022). On Brokers, Biases and Leaving the Veranda: Working with Research Brokers in Political Science Based Field Research. Civil Wars, 00(00), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/13698249.2022.2031648
White, L., & Christopoulos, D. C. (2011). The public sector as broker : an interim report. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 10, 132–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.01.016
Zarazaga, R. (2014). Brokers Beyond Clientelism: A New Perspective Through the Argentine Case. Latin American Politics and Society, 56(3), 23–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2014.00238.x
Zarazaga, R. (2015). Plugged in Brokers: A Model of Vote-Buying and Access to Resources. Journal of Applied Economics, XVIII(2), 369–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1514-0326(15)30016-7